You Never Give Me Your Money

General Points of Interest

Style and Form

Taking a cue from the emphasis in my last note (re: “She Said She Said”) on the undeniable primacy of classic song forms within the Beatles songbook, let’s look this time at “You Never Give Me Your Money” at the other end of the formal spectrum; along with “... Warm Gun”, being one of the extremely rare examples in the canon where the Beatles opt for “teleological medley” in place of any more traditional periodic / cyclical form.

“You Never Give Me Your Money” is built from three different sections that are nominally compatible, but virtually unrelated to each other. As with all but the final section of “... Warm Gun”, you find that while each of the sections here suggests the potential for complete development into a song that can stand on its own, each is presented for now in a fragmentary manner where they rely heavily on the immediate repetition of a single idea to establish any sense of formal autonomy.

On the one hand that makes it easy for the listener to grasp the articulation of the larger form, but it begs the question of how any feeling of unity is brought to bear on such independent diversity. We’ll examine each section in turn and come back later to this question.

Each of the three parts has its own rhyme scheme, though none of them is quite large enough, formally, to get into literal repeats of whole sections of words. By the same token, the latter halves of parts Y and Z both feature immediate, multiple repetition of the same line.

All three parts lyrically start off after the downbeat, providing a foil for the children’s counting rhyme of the song’s outro which very much starts right on it.

Melody and Harmony

The relative autonomy of what we’ll respectively call the X, Y, and Z sections of the song is reflected in both the melodic and harmonic raw materials and design.

Melodically:

• Part X clearly has an A minor triad for its backbone, underlying what on the surface look like two downward gestures, the second of which is balanced by a final upward jump.
• The first half of Part Y almost mechanically follows a sequence of “third-down and step-up” units down a full octave. The second half commences with less mechanical, but still more downward, motion that is balanced out at the end by the high placed appoggiatura implied in the choral vocals.
• Part Z is clearly the jumpiest of the three sections in the melody department.

Harmonically, each section is distinguished by a different home key (a minor, C Major, and A Major, respectively), plus the following unique characteristics:

• Part X runs through the diatonic circle of fifths.
• The first half of Part Y is rich in secondary dominants. The second half iterates on the double plagal cadence.
• Part Z conspicuously uses a larger amount of chromatic harmony than either X or Y, including a flourishing fanfare of diminished seventh chords, as well as the multiple cross-relation inducing progression of V-of-V to flat-III.

Arrangement

The arrangement also underscores the XYZ high-level design both in terms of a different ensemble sound for each section, as well as a pronounced tendency to selectively retouch and remix at the detailed level; the latter being a signature of the Beatles work in all of the later albums:

• Part X opens with solo piano and lead guitar judiciously applied for emphasis; note the unusually sloppy way in which resonance of the guitar is allowed to hang over the continuation of the piano part. The first verse has Paul doing single track lead vocal, adding an overdub at the unison in the same location as the guitar points of emphasis. The second verse adds bass and light drum work with Paul now singing in two- or three-part harmony with himself, and a bit of extra fuzzy reverb applied to the very end of the vocal.
• The different ensemble for the first half of Part Y, dominated by heavy drumming, boogie woogie tack piano, and Paul’s lead vocal single tracked is already evident in the pickup measure to this section. The second half of Part Y features (synthesized?) chimes, lighter drum work, and choral vocals for what sounds like the group of Paul, John, and George.
• Part Z restores heaviness to all parts including piano, rhythm guitar, bass, piano, drums and a double-tracked lead guitar, and double-tracked lead vocal. The final section provides another opportunity for three-part harmonizing vocals, with Moog-synthesized sounds-of-nature effects that commence in the outro and are allowed to bridge the gap to the following track, “Sun King”.

Section-by-Section Walkthrough

Part X: You Never Give Me Your Money

This section is built out of three repetitions of the same eight-measure phrase; first an unusually long instrumental introduction (it’s unusual to give away the entire verse section like this in an instrumental intro), followed by two verses of song.

The harmony of this eight-measure phrase is a full, albeit diatonic, circle of fifths:

   |a7            |d9   -> 8      |G7             |C4   -> 3     |
a:  i              iv              VII             III

   |F             |b-dim   E      |a              |-             |
    VI             ii      V       I

# You Never Give Me Your Money, Part X phrase (figure 13.1)
# Eight measures, a diatonic circle of fifths. Pollack's "d9 -> 8" and "C4 -> 3" are suspensions
# resolving within the bar (9 to 8 over d, 4 to 3 over C); each is shown as two halves of the bar,
# the second half's chord being the resolution (my spelling).
key a

system
chords   | a7{i} | d9{iv 9} d{8} | G7{VII} | Csus4{III 4} C{3} |

system
chords   | F{VI} | b-dim{ii} E{V} | a{I} | - |

This progression creates an ambivalent impression of being at once both placid and forward moving. The placidity comes from the slow and (except for measure 6) even harmonic rhythm. The movement derives from the “transitive verb”-like quality of chord progressions that move in fifths. The dynamic quality is heightened on the one hand by the appearance of every chord in root position, but softened at the same time by the fact that the chords all appear “au naturel.” In other words, the effect could be either further softened by use of some chords in inversions, or further heightened by turning some of the chords into “V-of” chords; try out the alternative of using a D-Major chord in measure 2 and a C dominant seventh chord in measure 4.

This phrase also contains a liberal measure of functional dissonance which also helps push it forward; many of the chords contain sevenths or other appoggiaturas on the down beats.

Rhythmically, this phrase makes early use of the syncopated accent on the eighth note that falls between the second and third beat of the measure. This is a sufficiently garden-variety device for music of this period and genre, but it’s worth singling out here because, as we will see, its recurrent appearance in several otherwise unrelated sections of this song becomes a subtle source of alliterative unity. In part X, this syncopation appears in the melody in measures 2 and 8, and it also shows up in the harmonic rhythm in measure 6.

The twenty-four measures of section X ends with a simple pivot modulation to the key of C, leading directly into section Y. This is done by moving to a G-Major chord in the final measure of the section.

Part Y: Out of College Money Spent

This new section is cleanly set-off from the preceding by a new texture as well as a change of key. The tempo is the same as before, but the quickening of the harmonic rhythm to two chords per measure, plus the boogie woogie background beat make it all seem faster. Also note how this section also has the distinction of itself dividing into two contrasting subsections similar to what you have in “Hey Jude”.

The first subsection (call it ‘YA’ — “Out of college money spent ...”) is built out of two repeats of this four bar phrase:

   |C      E      |a      C7     |F      G      |C      -      |
C:  I      V-of-vi vi     V-of-IV IV     V       I

# You Never Give Me Your Money, Part YA phrase (figure 13.2): four bars, two chords a bar
key C

system
chords   | C{I} E{V-of-vi} | a{vi} C7{V-of-IV} | F{IV} G{V} | C{I} - |

There’s no full circle of fifths this time, but it’s still heavy on the verb-like root progressions of a fifth. If anything, the harmony is harder driving in this phrase because of the frequent use of secondary dominants.

The second subsection (call it ‘YB’ - “But oh that magic feeling ...”) brings a return of the “twixt 2 & 3” syncopation and a harmonic switch from C Major to C Mixolydian. The section is built out of an unusual five repeats of a three-measure phrase, the harmony of which is none other than our old friend, the modal double plagal cadence (speaking of “Hey Jude”).

   |B-flat        |F             |C             |
C:  flat-VII       IV             I
   (IV-of-IV?)

# You Never Give Me Your Money, Part YB phrase (figure 13.3): three bars, the double plagal cadence
key C

system
chords   | B-flat{flat-VII (IV-of-IV?)} | F{IV} | C{I} |

The sudden return to a harmonic rhythm of one chord change per measure creates a strong initial sensation of putting on the brakes. However this feeling is modified to one of gradually rising expectations by the prime number of repeats of a phrase whose length is also asymmetrical.

As an aside, I actually hear an alliterative connection between this phrase and the reappearance of the same chord progression in, of all places, “Polythene Pam”. Total coincidence??

At any rate, this segues right into section Z.

Part Z: One Sweet Dream

Like section X, this section begins with an extended instrumental introduction that is partially built out of the material that will appear in the upcoming verse. Like section Y, this section also subdivides into two contrasting subsections.

The first subsection (call it ‘ZA’) contains an eight-measure introduction followed by an unusual seven-and-a-half-measure verse.

The introduction is one of the most interesting phrases in the entire song. The first four measures are in a chromatically inflected C major; the use of the D Major and E-flat chords being slightly unusual and uncannily foreshadowing the same chords being used again at the end of “The End”:

   |C             |D             |E-flat   G      |
C:  I              V-of-V         flat-III V

# You Never Give Me Your Money, Part ZA introduction, mm. 1-4 (figure 13.4)
key C

system
chords   | C{I} | D{V-of-V} | E-flat{flat-III} G{V} |

But it’s measures 5 through 8 in which the harmonic stops are pulled way out. The “architectural” function of this phrase is simple enough: to modulate back to A. However, the gambit employed to do this is a truly extraordinary choice for the genre. These four measures are built on a cycle of minor thirds in which both the bass line and the upper melody outline a sequence of diminished seventh chords. This device is something that you’ll find all over the place in a piece like “Rhapsody in Blue”, though Gershwin himself could be said to be ripping it off from the likes of Liszt. I believe its use here is unique in the work of The Beatles; what prompted Macca to think of it is beyond me.

Diminished seventh chords have several interesting properties, discussion of which is way outside the scope of these articles. For now, the most salient thing to note is how they symmetrically divide an octave on the one hand, yet do this by hitting notes which are not part of the scale of the octave being subdivided. This creates two perceptible harmonic effects:

• a clangorous series of chromatic cross relations, and
• a temporary, free-fall sense of not quite being in any specific key.

Check it out!

                 C#             E             G            Bb-B-B#-- C#
              Bb-            C#-            E-           G-
  Upper     G-            Bb-            C#-           E-
  voice: |E-           |G-           |Bb-          |C#-             |
Bassline:|C-           |Eb-          |Gb-          |A-              |
                 A              C             Eb           Gb-G-G#-- A

# You Never Give Me Your Money, Part ZA introduction, mm. 5-8 (figure 13.5)
# A cycle of minor thirds: the upper voice climbs one diminished-seventh arpeggio (E G Bb C#),
# starting a minor third higher each bar, while the bass rises C Eb Gb A on the downbeats. Pollack
# types the notes as a staircase graph, each held ("E-"), with a second bass note in each bar,
# typed below the bassline under the upper voice's fourth note: so the bass drops a minor third
# on beat 4 (C to A, Eb to C, Gb to Eb). In bar 4 the upper voice ends Bb B B# and the bass
# Gb G G#, both squeezed into beat 4 (B# held longer, "B#--"), resolving to C# over A, typed after
# the last bar line: that is the downbeat of the verse in A (fig. 13.6), added here as a fifth bar.
# Beat placement follows the alignment of the two lines in the typed chart.
#? Octaves are my guess: upper voice from E4 (which takes it to C#6 at the end), bass from C3.
#? It may well sit an octave lower on the record.
key A

system
voice "Upper voice"   | E4 G4 Bb4 C#5 | G4 Bb4 C#5 E5 | Bb4 C#5 E5 G5 | C#5 E5 G5 Bb5*0.25 B5*0.25 B#5*0.5 | C#6 |
bass "Bassline"       | C3*3 A2 | Eb3*3 C3 | Gb3*3 Eb3 | A3*3 Gb3*0.25 G3*0.25 G#3*0.5 | A3 |

At any rate, the above passage leads right into a short verse of seven and a half measures which subdivides into one phrase of six measures, (the first four of which are a direct transposition of the introduction), followed by a fragmentary repeat which breaks down after only one and a half measures, and leads directly into the next section:

   |A               |B               |
A:  I                V-of-V

   |C        E      |A               |
    flat-III V       I

   |d               |-               |
    iv

   |A               |B**     ||C
    I                V-of-V    flat-III

# You Never Give Me Your Money, Part ZA verse (figure 13.6)
# Seven and a half measures; the B marked ** is a half measure (Pollack's footnote). The C after
# the double bar is the first chord of the next section (ZB), kept as a bar of its own.
key A

system
chords   | A{I} | B{V-of-V} |

system
chords   | C{flat-III} E{V} | A{I} |

system
chords   | d{iv} | - |

system
chords   | A{I} | <2> B{V-of-V} | C{flat-III} |
caption ** = half measure

[** = half measure]

Note how the sustaining of the minor iv chord in measures 5 and 6 suddenly puts the breaks on just when momentum is gathering; the 2&3 syncopation also makes a dramatic re-appearance in these two measures.

To be more accurate, from the point of view of the lyrics, this phrase actually continues into the first two measures of the next section creating a nice formalistic elision.

The final subsection (call it ‘ZB’) is musically built out of the following two-measure phrase, repeated fourteen times into the fade-out. Macca rules vocally in the first four iterations, with a children’s counting rhyme introduced, seemingly non-sequitur like, for the rest of them:

  Chords:  |C           G           |A                       |
Bassline:   C           B            A
       A:   flat-III    flat-VII     I

# You Never Give Me Your Money, Part ZB phrase (figure 13.7): two measures, repeated fourteen times
# The G comes in "twixt 2 & 3", the syncopation Pollack says the harmonic rhythm underscores in
# the first measure, so C lasts a beat and a half.
key A

system
chords "Chords"     | C{flat-III}*1.5 G{flat-VII}*2.5 | A{I} |
bass "Bassline"     | C3*1.5 B2*2.5 | A2 |

The first four repeats of this phrase accompany the final lyrics of the verse started in the previous section. The remaining ten repeats first accompany the enigmatic “One two three four five six seven” chorus, and finally fade out with the implication of a jam session that might go on forever; if you’ve heard the early-mix outtake of this referenced below you’ll know what I mean about forever :-).

The by-now-familiar syncopated rhythm shows up in both measures of this phrase, though in yet another classic illustration of “avoidance of foolish consistency”, the harmonic rhythm underscores the syncopation only in the first measure.

And then, we have “down with the lights, up with the synthesized crickets, and bring on the ‘Sun King’.”

It’s worth your tracking down an unedited, early mix of this song missing all of the vocal overdubs (other than Paul’s single track lead) and some of the instrumental retouching, as well as documenting what really happened in the studio during and after the fade-out of the official version.

This uncropped outtake shows the initial four iterations of section ZB followed by an instrumental jam session of twenty(!) iterations of it, further followed by an apparently spontaneous launch into “At the Hop” which goes on for close to another minute stopping eventually with a complete ending.

Additionally, there is the rough mix of this song from the July 30, 1969 first piecing together of the complete medley. The unofficial releases available of this have terrible sound quality, but it’s worth hearing to discover an ending of the song in which the counting rhyme starts off during the last of Macca’s first four iterations of ZB, with a fade-out that is complete by the end of the eighth next iteration, and a solitary sustained organ note in place of the sound effects.

Some Final Thoughts

So how does all of this hang together? Granted, there is the monetary leitmotif running through the lyrics of all three sections, though I’ve always interpreted the “money” of the X section more metaphorically, as descriptive on a relationship in which neither side is ever genuine when the chips are down.

On strictly musical grounds, in the context of a genre in which you expect to see some patterned alternation of verses and breaks, the form of this song is a seeming jumble, a medley at best:

          X                   Y
|-------------------|-------------------|
 X-intro -> X1 -> X2 YA1 -> YA2/YB1 to 5

               Z
|--------------------------------|
 ZA-intro -> ZA1/ZB1 to 4,5 to 14

skip form diagram of the song's sections (X, Y, Z and their subsections), no music

But obviously, we’re dealing with more than a mishmash. The form may not be “standard” but there are at least two unifying elements at work (in addition to the recurrent syncopation discussed earlier):

1. The harmonic plan for the three sections is a straightforward arch. In fact, in this light, the chord progression of section ZB appears to be a summing up of the harmonic plan in a nutshell:

   X                Y                Z
a minor          C Major          A Major

skip key plan of the three parts (X a minor, Y C Major, Z A Major), not a chord progression

2. The song presents its own alternative notion of repetition in place of a more standard form. Even though none of the sections of this song make a “return” performance once the music has moved on to another section, there are several sections that consist of a short phrase repeated immediately several times. It’s unusual but I believe it works.

On a higher level, I’d argue that this lack of an internal “reprise” within this song itself is what makes the reprise of section ‘X’ inside of “Carry That Weight” so satisfying, along with the more subtle inter-song resonance with “Polythene Pam and “The End”.

See also: The “Abbey Road” Medley